Since the mid 1700s, the theory that brain structure and function was permanent dominated neuroscience, according to the National Institutes of Health (NIH). This theory became known as localizationism and, until the 20th century, upheld the belief that a damaged brain could never recover structurally, and therefore function was lost as well.
In his book “The Brain That Changes Itself,” Dr. Norman Doidge argues that localizationism was reinforced by three factors: lack of patient recovery from brain injury, lack of technology and the idea that the brain works like a machine. He then goes on to describe the breakthrough research that brought about the theory of neuroplasticity. Doidge writes that, unlike localizationism, neuroplasticity is “the idea that the brain can change its own structure and function through thought and activity.”
Throughout his travels and interviews with a variety of experts and patients, Doidge presents an overwhelming amount of evidence to support neuroplasticity. From stroke victims to learning disabilities, mental disorders and phantom limb pain, Doidge unveils amazing stories of research and recovery. In one account, a woman that had lost all sense of balance was treated with a device that consisted of a helmet and tongue apparatus. Doidge explains that the helmet monitors head movement and sends electrical signals to her tongue, which travel on to the brain. Over the course of several treatments the woman’s sense of balance is restored because her brain was able to adapt and process balance in a new way.
While Doidge provides a great deal of support for neuroplasticity, he also examines what he describes as the “plastic paradox.” The concept describes how plasticity can be a double-edged sword, as it provides a way for the brain to change and can prevent changes from occurring. He describes the negative effects of plasticity through patients with obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), as they continually reinforce their thoughts and behaviors through repetition. Doidge explains that through repetitive behaviors the brain can display rigidity, which is why it can be more difficult to unlearn a behavior than it is to learn one.
Overall this book is a fascinating read about the potential of the human brain. Doidge does an excellent job of explaining scientific research without the overwhelming scientific jargon. His clear interpretations make the book easy to follow even if you have a limited understanding of neuroscience. If you want to gain a better understanding and appreciation for how miraculous the human brain truly is, I recommend “The Brain That Changes Itself.”